*北京大学法学院硕士研究生。
﹝[1]﹞ 第三方资助尚未有统一的定义,本文研究的模型限定在民商事纠纷中,资助人为具有盈利目的的商业机构,被资助人为民事诉讼中的原告,资助形式为无追索权资助的第三方资助。这种第三方资助也是最为典型的定义。具体的讨论限于民事诉讼这一争议解决程序。See Maya Steinitz, “The Litigation Finance Contract”, William & Mary Law Review, Vol. 54, Issue 2(November 2012), p. 459.
﹝[2]﹞ 截止至2018年2月,国内从事第三方资助业务的机构和平台至少包括多盟诉讼融资基金、前海鼎颂投资、为安法律金融、赢火虫诉讼投资、盛诉无忧和律诉网等。参见多层次资本市场联盟. 多盟诉讼融资白皮书[EB/OL]. (2018-07-17) [2018-9-29]. http://www.lawsuitfund.net/index.php/companynews/351.html.
﹝[3]﹞ See RAND CORPORATION. Third Party Litigation Funding and Claim Transfer.[EB/OL]. (2009-06-02) [2018-10-01].http://www.rand.org/events/2009/06/02.html.
﹝[4]﹞ See Julia Shamir, “Saving Third-Party Litigation Financing”, Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review, Vol. 9, 2016, pp. 189.
﹝[5]﹞ 在法律全文数据库HeinOnline上的Law Journal Library子库中以“third party funding”为关键词检索到135,094篇文献,在该检索基础上再以“control over the litigation”为关键词进行结果检索,搜索到69,290篇文献,占比为51.3%。
﹝[6]﹞ 在知网(CNKI)上以“SU=‘仲裁’*(‘第三方融资’+‘第三方资助’+‘第三方出资’)”为检索式进行检索得到的文献共有41篇。(除去重合)
﹝[7]﹞ 参见郭华春. 第三方资助国际投资仲裁之滥诉风险与防治[J]. 国际经济法学刊,2014,(2):85-97;肖芳.国际投资仲裁第三方资助的规制困境与出路——以国际投资仲裁“正当性危机”及其改革为背景[J].政法论坛,2017,35,(6):69-83.
﹝[8]﹞ 参见徐树.国际投资仲裁的第三方出资及其规制.北京仲裁,2013,(2):39-50;丁汉韬. 论第三方出资下商事仲裁披露义务规则之完善[J]. 武大国际法评论,2016,(2):220-235;周艳云,周忠学. 第三方资助国际商事仲裁中受资方披露义务的规制——基于“一带一路”视阈[J]. 广西社会科学,2018,(2):101-106.
﹝[9]﹞ 参见史晴霞. 国际仲裁中第三方资助问题研究[J]. 法大研究生,2017,(2):445-460.
﹝[10]﹞ 现有文献中仅有一篇对此问题进行了略微分析,参见覃华平. 国际仲裁中的第三方资助:问题与规制[J]. 中国政法大学学报,2018,(1):54-66,207.
﹝[11]﹞ 参见脚注5。
﹝[12]﹞ See supra note 4, at 152.
﹝[13]﹞ See Maya Steinitz, “Whose Claim is This Anyway - Third-Party Litigation Funding”, Minnesota Law Review, Vol. 95, Issue 4 (2011), p. 1270.
﹝[14]﹞ See Maya Steinitz, supra note 1, at 463.
﹝[15]﹞ See Metzler Investment GmbH v. Gildan Activewear Inc. (2009), 81 C.P.C. (6th) 384, [2009] O. J. No. 3315 (Ont. S.C.J.).
﹝[16]﹞ 这种条款被冠以一个形象的名称——“瀑布交易”(a Waterfall Deal)。See Michele DeStefano, “Claim Funders and Commercial Claim Holders: A Common Interest or a Common Problem”, DePaul Law Review, Vol. 63, Issue 2 (Winter 2014), p. 319.
﹝[17]﹞ See Dugal v. Manulife Financial Corp. (2011), 105 0.R. (3d) 364, [2011] O.J. No. 1239 (Ont. S.C.J.), supp. reasons 218 A.C.W.S. (3d) 760, [2011] O.J. No. 3493 (Ont. S.C.J.).
﹝[18]﹞ See Chevron Corp. v. Donziger, 768 F. Supp. 2d 581, 621 (S.D.N.Y. 2011).
﹝[19]﹞ See supra note 17. Also see Charles M. Wright & Anthony O'Brien, “Third-Party Funding for Class Actions, and Control over the Litigation”, Canadian Business Law Journal, Vol. 55, Issue 1 (March 2014), p. 169.
﹝[20]﹞ SeeCharles M. Wright & Anthony O'Brien, “Third-Party Funding for Class Actions, and Control over the Litigation”, Canadian Business Law Journal, Vol. 55, Issue 1 (March 2014), p. 168.
﹝[21]﹞ 有其他文献采取的是其他的分类方法比如“relatively minor control”和“almost complete control”,参见Anthony J. Sebok, “The Inauthentic Claim”, Vanderbilt Law Review, Vol. 64, Issue 1 (January 2011), p.109. 还有文献采取的分法是“passive model”和“active model”,see Michele DeStefano, supra note 16, at 320.这些分类方法与笔者提出的方法类似,重在区分资助人对争议解决程序的控制程度。
﹝[22]﹞ see Michele DeStefano, supra note 16, at 320.
﹝[23]﹞ Ibid, at 321.
﹝[24]﹞ See supra note 17, at para. 6.
﹝[25]﹞ See Vicki Waye, “Conflicts of Interests between Claimholders, Lawyers and Litigation Entrepreneurs”, Bond Law Review, Vol. 19, Issue 1 (2007), pp. 253-254.
﹝[26]﹞ SeeMaya Steinitz, supra note 14, at 471.
﹝[27]﹞ See Campbells Cash & Carry Pty Ltd. v Fostif Pty Ltd. (2006) 229 C.L.R. 386, 413 (Austl.).
﹝[28]﹞ 本文不区分“协议”和“合同”用语之间的区别。
﹝[29]﹞ 参见张光磊. 第三方诉讼融资:通往司法救济的商业化路径[J]. 中国政法大学学报,2016,(3):24-35,159.
﹝[30]﹞See Maya Steinitz, supra note 13, at 1323. Also see at Michele DeStefano, “Nonlawyers Influence Lawyers: Too Many Cooks in the Kitchen or Stone Soup”, Fordham Law Review, Vol. 80, Issue 6 (May 2012), p. 2823.
﹝[31]﹞ See Marco de Morpurgo, “A Comparative Legal and Economic Approach to Third-Party Litigation Funding”, Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 19, Issue 2 (Spring 2011), p. 402.
﹝[32]﹞ 这种让渡或处分是否有效或者说程序控制条款的法律效力如何正是下文讨论的中心。
﹝[33]﹞ 参见巢志雄. 民事诉权合同研究——兼论我国司法裁判经验对法学理论发展的影响[J]. 法学家,2017,(1):32-47,176.
﹝[34]﹞ 虽然回报补偿条款的法律效力在学界的争论不大,但是不代表在司法实践中该条款不会纳入法庭的考量范围,实际上法庭经常会审查该类条款的以防止不合理的条款出现,See Michele DeStefano, supra note 30, at 2821.
﹝[35]﹞ See Kraft v. Mason, 668 So. 2d 679, 682 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1996).
﹝[36]﹞ To understand the history of Maintenance and Champerty please take a look at Percy H. Winfield, “History of Maintenance and Champerty”, Law Quarterly Review, Vol. 35, Issue 1(1919), pp. 50-72, also see Ari Dobner, “Litigation for Sale”, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 144, Issue 4 (April 1996), pp. 1543-1545.
﹝[37]﹞ 此词典可见于西文法律数据库Lexis Advance。
﹝[38]﹞ 可以认为仅仅包括费用资助条款的第三方资助行为属于助讼行为,同时包括费用资助条款和回报补偿条款的第三方资助属于帮讼分利行为(当然也属于助讼行为)。
﹝[39]﹞ See In re Primus, 436 U.S. 412, 98 S. Ct. 1893, 56 L. Ed. 2d 417, 1978 U.S. LEXIS 28: maintenance is helping another prosecute a suit; champerty is maintaining a suit in return for a financial interest in the outcome; and barratry is a continuing practice of maintenance or champerty.
﹝[40]﹞ See Percy H. Winfield, supra note 36 , at 59.
﹝[41]﹞ See Elliott Associates, L.P. v. Banco de la Nacion, 194 F.3d 363, 372 (2d Cir.1999).
﹝[42]﹞ Max Radin, “Maintenance by Champerty”, California Law Review, Vol. 24, Issue 1 (November 1935), pp.60-67.
﹝[43]﹞ See Noland v. Law, 170 S.C. 345, 353, 170 S.E. 439, 442 (1933). Also see at Fausone v. U.S. Claims, Inc., 915 So. 2d 626, 630 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2005).
﹝[44]﹞SeeAnthony J. Sebok, supra note 21, at 126.
﹝[45]﹞ Criminal Law Act, 1967, c. 58, §§ 13(1), 14(1) (U.K.).
﹝[46]﹞ Maintenance, Champerty and Barratry Abolition Act 1993 (NSW). Also see Oliver Gayner & Susanna Khouri: “Singapore and Hong Kong: International Arbitration Meets Third Party Funding”, Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 40, Issue 3 (April 2017), p. 1035.
﹝[47]﹞ SeeIbid, at 1033-1034.
﹝[48]﹞ 参见脚注27。
﹝[49]﹞ Giles v. Thompson, [1994] 1 A.C. 142 (Eng.).
﹝[50]﹞ Arkin v. Borchard Lines Ltd., [2005] EWCA (Civ) 655, [16], [45], [2005] 3 All. E.R. 613.
﹝[51]﹞ [2015] SGHC 156.
﹝[52]﹞ See(2005) 63 NSWLR 203 at 227 [105].
﹝[53]﹞See Giles, supra note 49.
﹝[54]﹞ See Ibid.
﹝[55]﹞ Arkin v. Borchard Lines Ltd., [2005] EWCA (Civ) 655, [16], [2005] 3 All. E.R. 613.
﹝[56]﹞ 类似案例还可以参考香港地区的裁判:Unruh v. Seeberger [2007] 10 HKCFAR 31; Re Cyberworks [2010] HKCU 974; Re Po Yuen Machine Factory [2012] HKCU 816。加拿大的裁判:Dugal v. Manulife Financial Corp.,见前注17。
﹝[57]﹞ 这种司法理念变迁背后有着复杂的社会原因,比如对个人权利的更加重视、司法程序费用高昂等,篇幅所限不在本文的讨论范围。
﹝[58]﹞ 前文中区分了两类程序控制条款,即轻度控制型和深度控制型,司法实践中关于前者的效力分歧不大,分歧主要集中在后一类型,所以本处讨论的程序控制条款的效力特指深度控制型程序控制条款。
﹝[59]﹞ See Dugal v. Manulife Financial Corp., supra note 17, at [33].
﹝[60]﹞ See Labourers' Pension Fund of Central and Eastern Canada (Trustees of) v. Sino-Forest Corp., [2012] O.J. No. 2219.
﹝[61]﹞ See Musicians' Pension Fund of Canada (Trustee of) v. Kinross Gold Corp. (2013), 117O.R. (3d) 150, [2013] O.J. No. 3669 (Ont. S.C.J.).
﹝[62]﹞ SeeIbid, at [41].
﹝[63]﹞ See John C. Jr. Coffee, “Litigation Governance: Taking Accountability Seriously”, Columbia Law Review, Vol. 110, Issue 2 (March 2010), pp. 340-341.
﹝[64]﹞ OHIO REV. CODE ANN. SEC 1349.55(B)(3).
﹝[65]﹞ Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int'l, Inc. v. Haskell, 193 S.W.3d 87, 104 (Tex. App. Houston 1st Dist. Mar. 9, 2006).
﹝[66]﹞ See Marco de Morpurgo, supra note 31, at 398.
﹝[67]﹞ [2005] EWCA (Civ) 655,at [40], [2005] 1 W.L.R. 3055 (Eng.).
﹝[68]﹞ See Clairs Keeley (2004) 29 WAR 479 at 502 [125].
﹝[69]﹞ Vicki Waye, “Conflicts of Interests between Claimholders, Lawyers and Litigation Entrepreneurs”, Bond Law Review, Vol. 19, Issue 1 (2007), pp. 225-274.
﹝[70]﹞ See Vicki Waye, Ibid, at 237-238.
﹝[71]﹞See supra note 27.
﹝[72]﹞ Lexis citation number: BC200606677, Australia, at [278], [279].
﹝[73]﹞See Fostif, supra note 27, at 388-389.
﹝[74]﹞ Ibid, at 413.
﹝[75]﹞ Ibid, at paras 87-88.
﹝[76]﹞ See Charles M. Wright, supra note 20, at 172-173.
﹝[77]﹞ 参见张卫平.《民事诉讼法》[M],北京:法律出版社,2016:48.
﹝[78]﹞ 参见巢志雄,前注33,第41页。
﹝[79]﹞ 参见前注2。
﹝[80]﹞ 如前文所述,澳大利亚、美国、加拿大、英国、新加坡、香港地区都逐渐开始承认第三方资助协议的法律效力。
﹝[81]﹞ OHIO REV. CODE ANN. SEC 1349.55(B)(1).
﹝[82]﹞ Dugal案中,法官梳理判例法后总结出有效的第三方资助协议必须满足的要件,参考Dugal案,前注17。
﹝[83]﹞ See Fostif, supra note 27.
﹝[84]﹞ 参见张卫平,前注77,第47页。
﹝[85]﹞ 见前注77。